Foreclosure delay - bogus or justified?

The unfolding foreclosure-filing debacle is causing bank stocks to slide and putting millions of delinquent borrowers in limbo.

But how disruptive the crisis ultimately becomes—for homeowners,  the housing market and the broader economy—depends on how quickly a number of technical problems and legal challenges are resolved in the months ahead.

In essence, fast-paced modern finance is colliding with the much slower machinery of the U.S. legal system. While finance aims for efficiency and maximized profits, the courts demand due process. And that’s becoming a growing issue as lenders come under attack for taking short cuts to oust homeowners who haven’t mailed in a mortgage check for months.

BofA and J.P. Morgan said they temporarily suspended foreclosure sales as they review procedures, while other big banks have said they are reviewing files but haven’t promised to freeze foreclosures. But even here, bankers are having trouble slamming on the brakes

Banks still are referring some loans to foreclosure in states where they issued suspensions, despite the moratoria. This week in Illinois, Florida and Ohio, Bank of America and J.P. Morgan Chase continued proceedings that allow them to sell foreclosed homes at public auction, according to court clerks.
A J.P. Morgan spokesman said Friday that “we have asked our local foreclosure attorneys not to seek judgments.” Bank of America said on Oct. 8 that it would “stop foreclosure sales until our assessment has been satisfactorily completed.” On Friday, a bank spokesman said that its cancellations only cover foreclosure sales scheduled between Oct. 9 and Oct. 31 because it doesn’t expect the review to take longer. BofA’s moratorium includes all 50 states, while J.P. Morgan’s covers 41 states.

The financial system and legal system have been on a collision course for some time in residential real estate. Both the lower standards for loans and the lax controls involving foreclosures were based on the premise that home prices would never fall, making it unlikely that many loans would go bad at once. Once that premise fell apart, the flaws in the system became obvious, and the long-term challenge now facing lenders is to rebuild the mortgage system on more solid footing.

Banks argue that these problems will be repaired swiftly, and they’ll soon be running the foreclosure machinery at full speed again. But analysts say the problems could expand into a legal crisis if banks can’t prove that they are following standard property-law procedures.

Lawyers, politicians and consumer advocates, meanwhile, are using the legal problems to stop foreclosures and extract settlements for troubled borrowers that lower their mortgage debt.

Industry executives note that few, if any, borrowers in the foreclosure process dispute the fact that they’re not paying their mortgages. “We’re not evicting people who deserve to stay in their house,” James Dimon, J.P. Morgan chief executive, told analysts Wednesday.

There are two different problems. The first resulted after lawyers for troubled borrowers discovered that banks were using “robo-signers,” or back-office employees who approved hundreds of foreclosure documents daily without reviewing them, in states where repossessions must be approved in court.

Banks had no choice but to suspend foreclosures in those states because submitting false witness testimony meant they hadn’t properly proved ownership of the loans in foreclosure.

The second, and perhaps thornier, issue is that banks could have trouble proving they have standing to foreclose as they go back to correct errors. That problem stems largely from mortgages that were bundled into pools and sold to investors as securities. This process, known as securitization, became the preferred method of financing U.S. home loans over the past 30 years.

Real-estate law requires the physical transfer of paperwork whenever mortgages trade hands, and analysts are raising questions about how often that happened during the housing boom. One concern is that banks may have lost, or didn’t ever have, mortgage certificates. If that happened, banks will have to pause foreclosures for months as they track down certificates and refile paperwork.

“The best case is this is going to slow the process considerably but not change the outcome,” says Joshua Rosner, managing director at investment-research firm Graham Fisher & Co.

Under a far gloomier scenario, the problems created by using robo-signers may be irrelevant if, instead of being lost, mortgage documents weren’t ever properly transferred during each step of the securitization process, says Adam Levitin, a professor of law at Georgetown University. If that happens, “the whole system comes to a halt,” he says. Investors could argue in court that they never owned the mortgages backing their money-losing securities.

For now, the foreclosure machinery operates in fits and starts. For instance, Bank of America said it had suspended foreclosures in Ohio while it reviews procedures there.  Still, attorneys for Bank of America moved to take back three homes through foreclosure on Oct. 12 in Franklin County, Ohio, according to a court clerk.

Justified or bogus?  Your call, either way, this will probably have significant trickle effect on the housing market and availability of homes.

Tags: Banks, Economy, FED, Foreclosure, Mortgages

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